Tess of the d'Urbervilles synopses » Chapters 50-59 » Chapter 59
Synopsis of chapter 59
The scene changes to Wintoncester, site of the county jail. It is July. Angel and Liza-Lu are seen holding hands walking away from the city. They stop and look back, observing a black flag being raised in the jail, the sign that a prisoner has just been hanged. The prisoner is Tess. After a long time, the two continue walking away.
Commentary on chapter 59
In a sense, the climactic ending was in the previous chapter with Tess's arrest. Many novelists use a last chapter to round off loose ends, or create an aftermath. Hardy refuses to do either. His ending affirms only Tess has been hung, and Angel and Liza-Lu are together, as Tess had wished. We know legally they cannot marry, but will they get round this? The question seems irrelevant as it is not a situation that Hardy has invested any time or effort in developing.
Nor does it seem relevant to know what happens to Tess's hapless family; or to the Clares. And it seems altogether too painful to know what Tess's final days or conversations were. Hardy is content to make the sarcastic remark that 'The President of the Immortals ... had ended his sport with Tess', a remark designed to prevent any sentimentality.
In fact, Hardy was much misunderstood for the remark, many critics taking it literally as a statement of his belief in a cruel deity. Hardy's autobiography makes it clear he meant it as a personification of all the forces previously working against Tess.
More on the sense of an ending in Victorian novels: The conventional Victorian novel usually ends up with a neatly rounded off 'And they lived happily ever after' formula, with loose ends tied up.However, there are remarkable exceptions:
- Jane Eyre, for example, has Charlotte Bronte, its authoress, ending with a long note on Jane's cousin, St.John Rivers, labouring as a missionary and finally dying.
- In Great Expectations, Dickens provided two alternative endings, one in which Pip and Estella drift apart, and one where they presumably come together, though we are never told they marry.
What is more important is the sense of resolution: not that the plot is rounded off, but that all that needs to be said has been said:
- In the modern novel, there is often a deliberate sense of incompletion
- The Victorians liked completion. So in Tess we feel the tragic pattern is complete.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle, in writing about tragedy, said the audience need to experience catharsis. The English poet John Milton interpreted this as 'all passion spent' in his tragic poem Samson Agonistes. This is what the reader feels by the end of Tess.
Giotto's Two Apostles: Giotto was an Italian painter of the late thirteenth / early fourteenth century. Hardy's title may refer to the episode of two of Jesus' disciples walking sadly along the road to Emmaus just after Jesus' death (Luke 24:13-14). Some critics suggest the painting referred to is actually Aretino's The Burial of St John the Baptist, from about the same time, which refers to John's disciples, as recorded in Mark 6:24-29. The first account has a happy ending (the resurrected Jesus appears to them); the second does not.
its Norman windows: in church architecture, the Norman period ran from 1066 to the thirteenth century. Its most recognisable feature was rounded archways. Hardy is perhaps reminding the reader that the d’Urbervilles also were a Norman family.
The President of the Immortals in Aeschylean phrase: Aeschylus was the father of Greek tragedy. His drama is sombre and the presence of the gods, and their justice, is strong. The phrase is, Hardy claimed, a literal translation of words from the play Prometheus, l.169.
joined hands ... and went on: Hardy is echoing Milton's Paradise Lost again, this time the very ending when Adam and Eve exit Paradise, Book XII. ll.648-9.
Social context
Throughout the nineteenth century, hanging was the means of exacting the death penalty. Hardy himself had seen a woman hanged for murder in his youth, and many think this was the genesis of the novel. By the time the novel was written, hangings were no longer public, but held within the jail.
Time
The time of the last chapter is July, thus just over five years from the time of the first chapter. Tess would have been just twenty-two.
Place
Wintoncester: Winchester, the county town of Hampshire (mid-Wessex), and site of the county jail and court house.
the College: Winchester College is a prestigious public school
Vocabulary
dole: daily portion or handout
freestone: made of uncut stones
hospice: hostel kept by monks for pilgrims
isometric: where all three faces are equally foreshortened
Investigating chapter 59
- Compare the beginning of Ch 1 with this chapter in terms of perspective and the direction of the pedestrians.
- What are the cinematographic qualities of Hardy's description here?
- In what sense are the two pedestrians 'pilgrims'?
- Are they returning from a holy place or are they still seeking for some destination?
- How does Liza-Lu differ from Tess, and in what ways is she the same?
- In the previous chapter, Tess claimed she had, 'All the best of me without the bad of me'.
- What 'bad' qualities has she not got, do you think?
- In the previous chapter, Tess claimed she had, 'All the best of me without the bad of me'.
- What does Hardy not tell the reader about Tess and Angel?
- Why does Hardy put quotation marks round 'Justice'?
- Do you think Hardy meant to connect this phrase with that about 'ended his sport'?
- What is the impact on you of words 'not knowing' and 'speechless' at the end?
- What is the effect of 'and went on' right at the end?
- Discuss whether you find the ending convincing and satisfactory.
- In what sense is the Phase a 'Fulfilment'?
- Today's New International Version
- 13Now that same day two of them were going to a village called Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem. 14They were talking with each other about everything that had happened.
- King James Version
- 13And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs. 14And they talked together of all these things which had happened.
- Today's New International Version
- 24She went out and said to her mother, 'What shall I ask for?' 'The head of John the Baptist,' she answered. 25At once the girl hurried in to the king with the request: 'I want you to give me right now the head of John the Baptist on a dish.' 26The king was greatly distressed, but because of his oaths and his dinner guests, he did not want to refuse her. 27So he immediately sent an executioner with orders to bring John's head. The man went, beheaded John in the prison, 28and brought back his head on a dish. He presented it to the girl, and she gave it to her mother. 29On hearing of this, John's disciples came and took his body and laid it in a tomb.
- King James Version
- 24And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist. 25And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist. 26And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her. 27And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison, 28And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother. 29And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb.
The city of Wintoncester, that fine old city, aforetime capital of Wessex, lay amidst its convex and concave downlands in all the brightness and warmth of a July morning. The gabled brick, tile, and freestone houses had almost dried off for the season their integument of lichen, the streams in the meadows were low, and in the sloping High Street, from the West Gateway to the mediaeval cross, and from the mediaeval cross to the bridge, that leisurely dusting and sweeping was in progress which usually ushers in an old-fashioned market-day.
From the western gate aforesaid the highway, as every Wintoncestrian knows, ascends a long and regular incline of the exact length of a measured mile, leaving the houses gradually behind. Up this road from the precincts of the city two persons were walking rapidly, as if unconscious of the trying ascent--unconscious through preoccupation and not through buoyancy. They had emerged upon this road through a narrow, barred wicket in a high wall a little lower down. They seemed anxious to get out of the sight of the houses and of their kind, and this road appeared to offer the quickest means of doing so. Though they were young, they walked with bowed heads, which gait of grief the sun's rays smiled on pitilessly.
One of the pair was Angel Clare, the other a tall budding creature--half girl, half woman--a spiritualized image of Tess, slighter than she, but with the same beautiful eyes--Clare's sister-in-law, 'Liza-Lu. Their pale faces seemed to have shrunk to half their natural size. They moved on hand in hand, and never spoke a word, the drooping of their heads being that of Giotto's 'Two Apostles'.
When they had nearly reached the top of the great West Hill the clocks in the town struck eight. Each gave a start at the notes, and, walking onward yet a few steps, they reached the first milestone, standing whitely on the green margin of the grass, and backed by the down, which here was open to the road. They entered upon the turf, and, impelled by a force that seemed to overrule their will, suddenly stood still, turned, and waited in paralyzed suspense beside the stone.
The prospect from this summit was almost unlimited. In the valley beneath lay the city they had just left, its more prominent buildings showing as in an isometric drawing--among them the broad cathedral tower, with its Norman windows and immense length of aisle and nave, the spires of St Thomas's, the pinnacled tower of the College, and, more to the right, the tower and gables of the ancient hospice, where to this day the pilgrim may receive his dole of bread and ale. Behind the city swept the rotund upland of St Catherine's Hill; further off, landscape beyond landscape, till the horizon was lost in the radiance of the sun hanging above it.
Against these far stretches of country rose, in front of the other city edifices, a large red-brick building, with level gray roofs, and rows of short barred windows bespeaking captivity, the whole contrasting greatly by its formalism with the quaint irregularities of the Gothic erections. It was somewhat disguised from the road in passing it by yews and evergreen oaks, but it was visible enough up here. The wicket from which the pair had lately emerged was in the wall of this structure. From the middle of the building an ugly flat-topped octagonal tower ascended against the east horizon, and viewed from this spot, on its shady side and against the light, it seemed the one blot on the city's beauty. Yet it was with this blot, and not with the beauty, that the two gazers were concerned.
Upon the cornice of the tower a tall staff was fixed. Their eyes were riveted on it. A few minutes after the hour had struck something moved slowly up the staff, and extended itself upon the breeze. It was a black flag.
'Justice' was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess. And the d'Urberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength, they arose, joined hands again, and went on.
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