Poems for study » The Blessed Virgin Mary Compared to the Air We Breathe » Imagery and symbolism in The Blessed Virgin Mary
Air
The opening ‘wild air’ is repeated at the end, giving a circular feel to the poem:
- ‘Wild’ here means ‘free’, as in ‘in the wild’, not fierce, stormy (also in l.38)
- the air appears to be calm nearly all the time, there being no mention of wind as such, just as there is no mention of the Holy Spirit, often symbolised by a wind in the Bible
- the air is all-encompassing, filling in all the spaces in our bodies as well as in the world outside, hence its omnipresence
- because we need air to breathe and stay alive, it is also nurturing.
The comparisons are clearly signaled by words like: ‘Minds me’ (i.e. ‘reminds’) (16), ‘as if’ (36); ‘like’(51,66); ‘So’(103).
Mary, the mother of Christ
The first comparison with Mary is the easiest and most obvious, her motherhood of Jesus Christ. In this, she is greater than all the Earth-goddesses (26, 27)
Mary, the channel of grace
However she also ‘mothers each new grace’. Mary is seen as a channel of grace, as she is later a channel of mercy through her intercessory role (‘Her prayers his providence’).
- There are two sections devoted to Mary’s motherhood, the second being the more daring, as Hopkins talks of new Nazareths (Christ’s boyhood home) and Bethlehems (Christ’s birthplace) being born within individuals.
- Partly the image is derived from the mass, in which, according to Catholic belief, the body of Christ comes to exist as a real presence (‘much the mystery how’). Thus, as the person eats the bread, Christ lives in them - a doctrine called transubstantiation. The New Testament contains several references to Christ living in people:
- ‘That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith’ (Ephesians 3:17 AV) or in more devotional language:
- ‘For to me to live is Christ....’ (Philippians 1:21 AV).
Mary, the channel of light
The third comparison is a paradox:
- The air seems blue, the colour of the sky and is also the colour associated with Mary, yet it is transparent. More on Mary's colour association?
More on Mary's colour association: From medieval times onwards, painters have depicted the mother of Jesus in robes of blue. They chose this colour as it was derived from the semi precious lapiz lazuli stone, and was the most expensive pigment available to them. It was felt that the mother of Christ deserved the most costly adornment.
- The paradox is that the bluer the sky, the more each colour seems itself (‘when every colour glows’) - an important theme with Hopkins (see inscape)
- Without the air, the rays of the sun would appear in a black sky, beating down mercilessly on us
- So with Mary: the new way that God has shown himself, in Christ, through Mary, is a better way than the ‘god of old’. This contrast is echoed in the New Testament , where the writer of the letter to the Hebrews says:
The verse form is iambic trimeter couplets, an unusual form for Hopkins, though some lines are triplets, that is, three lines rhyming with each other.
- Work out the comparison concerning protection.
- What does the air protect us from; what does Mary protect from?
- How is Mary transparent?
- Mary was, in Catholic teaching, born sinless.
- How is this important for Hopkins in the poem?
- Would you consider this a ‘devotional’ poem or a clever play with words and images?
- Consider the relationship of cleverness (or ‘wit’ as the Metaphysical poets called it) and sincerity.
- Today's New International Version
- 17so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith. And I pray that you, being rooted and established in love,
- King James Version
- 17That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love,
- Today's New International Version
- 21For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain.
- King James Version
- 21For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.
- Today's New International Version
- 18You have not come to a mountain that can be touched and that is burning with fire; to darkness, gloom and storm; 19to a trumpet blast or to such a voice speaking words that those who heard it begged that no further word be spoken to them, 20because they could not bear what was commanded: 'If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned to death.' 21The sight was so terrifying that Moses said, 'I am trembling with fear.' 22But you have come to Mount Zion, to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem. You have come to thousands upon thousands of angels in joyful assembly, 23to the church of the firstborn, whose names are written in heaven. You have come to God, the Judge of all, to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, 24to Jesus the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel.
- King James Version
- 18For ye are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and that burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest, 19And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words; which voice they that heard intreated that the word should not be spoken to them any more: 20(For they could not endure that which was commanded, And if so much as a beast touch the mountain, it shall be stoned, or thrust through with a dart: 21And so terrible was the sight, that Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake:) 22But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, 23To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, 24And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things that that of Abel.
Wild air, world-mothering air,
Nestling me everywhere,
That each eyelash or hair
Girdles; goes home betwixt
The fleeciest, frailest-flixed
Snowflake; that's fairly mixed
With, riddles, and is rife
In every least thing's life;
This needful, never spent,
And nursing element; 10
My more than meat and drink,
My meal at every wink;
This air, which, by life's law,
My lung must draw and draw
Now but to breathe its praise,
Minds me in many ways
Of her who not only
Gave God's infinity
Dwindled to infancy
Welcome in womb and breast, 20
Birth, milk, and all the rest
But mothers each new grace
That does now reach our race--
Mary Immaculate,
Merely a woman, yet
Whose presence, power is
Great as no goddess's
Was deemèd, dreamèd; who
This one work has to do--
Let all God's glory through, 30
God's glory which would go
Through her and from her flow
Off, and no way but so.
I say that we are wound
With mercy round and round
As if with air: the same
Is Mary, more by name.
She, wild web, wondrous robe,
Mantles the guilty globe,
Since God has let dispense 40
Her prayers his providence:
Nay, more than almoner,
The sweet alms' self is her
And men are meant to share
Her life as life does air.
If I have understood,
She holds high motherhood
Towards all our ghostly good
And plays in grace her part
About man's beating heart, 50
Laying, like air's fine flood,
The deathdance in his blood;
Yet no part but what will
Be Christ our Saviour still.
Of her flesh he took flesh:
He does take fresh and fresh,
Though much the mystery how,
Not flesh but spirit now
And makes, O marvellous!
New Nazareths in us, 60
Where she shall yet conceive
Him, morning, noon, and eve;
New Bethlems, and he born
There, evening, noon, and morn
Bethlem or Nazareth,
Men here may draw like breath
More Christ and baffle death;
Who, born so, comes to be
New self and nobler me
In each one and each one 70
More makes, when all is done,
Both God's and Mary's Son.
Again, look overhead
How air is azurèd;
O how! nay do but stand
Where you can lift your hand
Skywards: rich, rich it laps
Round the four fingergaps.
Yet such a sapphire-shot,
Charged, steepèd sky will not 80
Stain light. Yea, mark you this:
It does no prejudice.
The glass-blue days are those
When every colour glows,
Each shape and shadow shows.
Blue be it: this blue heaven
The seven or seven times seven
Hued sunbeam will transmit
Perfect, not alter it.
Or if there does some soft, 90
On things aloof, aloft,
Bloom breathe, that one breath more
Earth is the fairer for.
Whereas did air not make
This bath of blue and slake
His fire, the sun would shake,
A blear and blinding ball
With blackness bound, and all
The thick stars round him roll
Flashing like flecks of coal, 100
Quartz-fret, or sparks of salt,
In grimy vasty vault.
So God was god of old:
A mother came to mould
Those limbs like ours which are
What must make our daystar
Much dearer to mankind;
Whose glory bare would blind
Or less would win man's mind.
Through her we may see him 110
Made sweeter, not made dim,
And her hand leaves his light
Sifted to suit our sight.
Be thou then, thou dear
Mother, my atmosphere;
My happier world, wherein
To wend and meet no sin;
Above me, round me lie
Fronting my froward eye
With sweet and scarless sky; 120
Stir in my ears, speak there
Of God's love, O live air,
Of patience, penance, prayer:
World-mothering air, air wild,
Wound with thee, in thee isled,
Fold home, fast fold thy child.
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