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Poems for study » Carrion Comfort » Language and tone in Carrion Comfort

Hopkins the victim

Hopkins mentions to Bridges that one of his sonnets about this time ‘was written in blood’. It is assumed he meant this one - the tone is so desperate, it goes well beyond the soul-searching of the confession:

  • Particularly agonising are such phrases as

‘me heaped there; me frantic to avoid thee and flee?’

  • The repetition of ‘me’ is echoed in the sestet with the equally harrowing ‘me’s of the questions
  • Hopkins creates a complicated adjectival phrase: ‘the hero whose heaven-handling flung me, foot trod Me?’ To paraphrase: ‘Is this consolation meant to cheer me, who have experienced my hero flinging me about as part of his divine purposes (‘heaven-handling’) and also his foot treading on me?’

That is one ‘me’. (For a biblical echo, read Lamentations 3:1-32)

Hopkins the combatant

The other ‘me’ is the one ‘that fought him’ (as Jacob did Genesis 32:24-30). The two ‘me’s of the divided personality echo New Testament writer Paul, when he says in a chapter that deals entirely with the divided personality:

‘O wretched man that I am! Who shall deliver me from the body of this death?’ (Romans 7:24 TNIV)

Compounds and alliteration

  • Lastly, we must note Hopkins’ compounds: ‘lionlimb’; ‘wring-world’, ‘heaven-handling’.
  • The alliterative patterns are much less obvious here than elsewhere, but still draw attention to themselves: ‘right foot rock’; ‘darksome devouring’.
  • Internal rhymes similarly occur briefly but effectively: ‘sheer and clear’; ‘toil, that coil’.
  • ‘rude’ means ‘roughly, uncouthly’
Investigating Carrion Comfort
  • Look at the number of monosyllables.
    • What effect does such a large proportion have on the reading of the sonnet?
  • What other devices indicate the passion or torment in which Hopkins is writing?
Today's New International Version
1I am one who has seen affliction by the rod of the LORD's wrath. 2He has driven me away and made me walk in darkness rather than light; 3indeed, he has turned his hand against me again and again, all day long. 4He has made my skin and my flesh grow old and has broken my bones. 5He has besieged me and surrounded me with bitterness and hardship. 6He has made me dwell in darkness like those long dead. 7He has walled me in so that I cannot escape; he has weighed me down with chains. 8Even when I call out or cry for help, he shuts out my prayer. 9He has barred my way with blocks of stone; he has made my paths crooked. 10Like a bear lying in wait, like a lion in hiding, 11he dragged me from the path and mangled me and left me without help. 12He drew his bow and made me the target for his arrows. 13He pierced my heart with arrows from his quiver. 14I became the laughing-stock of all my people; they mock me in song all day long. 15He has filled me with bitter herbs and sated me with gall. 16He has broken my teeth with gravel; he has trampled me in the dust. 17I have been deprived of peace; I have forgotten what prosperity is. 18So I say, 'My splendour is gone and all that I had hoped from the LORD.' 19I remember my affliction and my wandering, the bitterness and the gall. 20I well remember them, and my soul is downcast within me. 21Yet this I call to mind and therefore I have hope: 22Because of the LORD's great love we are not consumed, for his compassions never fail. 23They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness. 24I say to myself, 'The LORD is my portion; therefore I will wait for him.' 25The LORD is good to those whose hope is in him, to the one who seeks him; 26it is good to wait quietly for the salvation of the LORD. 27It is good for people to bear the yoke while they are young. 28Let them sit alone in silence, for the LORD has laid it on them. 29Let them bury their faces in the dust - there may yet be hope. 30Let them offer their cheeks to one who would strike them, and let them be filled with disgrace. 31For people are not cast off by the Lord for ever. 32Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love.
King James Version
1I AM the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath. 2He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light. 3Surely against me is he turned; he turneth his hand against me all the day. 4My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones. 5He hath builded against me, and compassed me with gall and travail. 6He hath set me in dark places, as they that be dead of old. 7He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my chain heavy. 8Also when I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer. 9He hath inclosed my ways with hewn stone, he hath made my paths crooked. 10He was unto me as a bear lying in wait, and as a lion in secret places. 11He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces: he hath made me desolate. 12He hath bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow. 13He hath caused the arrows of his quiver to enter into my reins. 14I was a derision to all my people; and their song all the day. 15He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood. 16He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered me with ashes. 17And thou hast removed my soul far off from peace: I forgat prosperity. 18And I said, My strength and my hope is perished from the LORD: 19Remembering mine affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the gall. 20My soul hath them still in remembrance, and is humbled in me. 21This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope. 22It is of the LORD's mercies that we are not consumed, because his compassions fail not. 23They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness. 24The LORD is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him. 25The LORD is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that seeketh him. 26It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the LORD. 27It is good for a man that he bear the yoke of his youth. 28He sitteth alone and keepeth silence, because he hath borne it upon him. 29He putteth his mouth in the dust; if so be there may be hope. 30He giveth his cheek to him that smiteth him: he is filled full with reproach. 31For the LORD will not cast off for ever: 32But though he cause grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his mercies.
Today's New International Version
24So Jacob was left alone, and a man wrestled with him till daybreak. 25When the man saw that he could not overpower him, he touched the socket of Jacob's hip so that his hip was wrenched as he wrestled with the man. 26Then the man said, 'Let me go, for it is daybreak.' But Jacob replied, 'I will not let you go unless you bless me.' 27The man asked him, 'What is your name?' 'Jacob,' he answered. 28Then the man said, 'Your name will no longer be Jacob, but Israel, because you have struggled with God and with human beings and have overcome.' 29Jacob said, 'Please tell me your name.' But he replied, 'Why do you ask my name?' Then he blessed him there. 30So Jacob called the place Peniel, saying, 'It is because I saw God face to face, and yet my life was spared.'
King James Version
24And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 25And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him. 26And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. 27And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. 28And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. 29And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there. 30And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.
Today's New International Version
24What a wretched man I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
King James Version
24O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?
A 'testament' is a covenant (binding agreement), a term used in the Bible of God's relationship with his people. The New Testament is the second part of the Christian Bible. Its name comes from the new covenant or relationship with God.
The 'Apostle to the Gentiles' (d. c. CE 65). Paul had a major role in setting up the Early Church and is believed to be the author of several letters in the Bible.
Alliteration is a device frequently used in poetry or rhetoric (speech-making) whereby words starting with the same consonant are used in close proximity- e.g. 'fast in fires', 'stars, start'.
The device, frequently used at the ends of lines in poetry, where words with the same sound are paired, sometimes for contrast ' for example, 'breath' and 'death'.
A word containing only one syllable; this may be contrasted with a polysyllabic word ' that is, a word containing several syllables.

Not, I'll not, carrion comfort, Despair, not feast on thee;
Not untwist--slack they may be--these last strands of man
In me ór, most weary, cry I can no more. I can;
Can something, hope, wish day come, not choose not to be.
But ah, but O thou terrible, why wouldst thou rude on me
Thy wring-world right foot rock? lay a lionlimb against
me? scan
With darksome devouring eyes my bruisèd bones? and fan,
O in turns of tempest, me heaped there; me frantic to
avoid thee and flee?

Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer
and clear.
Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod,
Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy,
would laugh, chéer.
Cheer whom though? the hero whose heaven-handling
flung me, fóot tród
Me? or me that fought him? O which one? is it each
one? That night, that year
Of now done darkness I wretch lay wrestling with (my
God!) my God.

 
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